Bird flu viruses 'pose an increasing threat' - EU agencies

Bird flu viruses “pose an increasing threat,” with the potential to adapt to humans and trigger future pandemics two leading EU agencies are warning.

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have issued new scientific advice that assesses avian influenza (bird flu ) virus mutations and the potential of these viruses to spread to humans.

Both the ECDC and EFSA have drawn on extensive data, including genetic analyses, human case studies, and antibody presence to outline current risks and mitigation strategies.

Experts generated a comprehensive list of mutations, from which they identified 34 genetic mutations that might increase the potential of bird flu viruses to spread to humans.

According to the ECDC and EFSA experts have generated a comprehensive list of mutations, from which they identified 34 genetic mutations that might increase the potential of bird flu viruses to spread to humans.

Viruses

Scientists have identified how the adaptation of bird flu viruses to mammals can be driven by factors such as genetic mutations, the mixing of genetic material between viruses, and the interaction with host immune response.

They have also identified the “extrinsic factors that can increase the chance of transmission to humans”.

These include “human activities and environmental changes that increase contact between wildlife, poultry, livestock, and humans”.

Scientists have also suggested that “high-density farming, low biosecurity practices, deforestation, urbanisation, and global trade amplify the risk of spillovers from animals to humans”.

Bird flu

According to Bernhard Url, EFSA acting executive director, last year bird flu viruses “expanded their reach, infecting previously unaffected species”.

“Our work identifies key mutations linked to a potential spread to humans, requiring rapid detection and response.

“Collaboration and data sharing along the chain of actors involved remain essential in tackling emerging situations,” he said.

The ECDC and EFSA have drawn up a number of recommendations which they believe EU countries should adhere to in order to prevent and control outbreaks of bird flu.

These include:

Genetic analysis – using genetic sequencing to detect mutations or virus adaptations to mammals early;
Animal surveillance – monitor sick or dead mammals linked to infected wild birds, poultry or mammals;
Public health surveillance – test exposed individuals and routinely send samples to further identify the flu sub-type;
Prevention measures – implement robust farm biosecurity measures, train staff, vaccinate poultry, and prepare outbreak response plans;
Public health preparedness measures -raise awareness among high-risk groups and ensure coordinated response plans for human cases.

According to Pamela Rendi-Wagner, ECDC director global developments “demand that we stay alert and make sure Europe is prepared to respond to the threat of avian influenza”.